Basic Map Reading


Basic Map Reading

Maps and Diagrams

  1. What is the difference between a map and a diagram?
Answer: A map is a representation of an area of land or sea, while a diagram is a simplified drawing or illustration.
  1. What are the characteristics of a map?
Answer: A title, legend, scale, orientation, and symbols.
  1. How do you describe the location of a place or point on a map?
Answer: Using grid references, latitude and longitude coordinates, or describing its position relative to nearby features or landmarks.

Directions and Distances

  1. How do you identify the directions of places on a map?
Answer: Using the legend or key, and looking for compass roses or other orientation indicators.
  1. How do you measure distances on a map?
Answer: Using the scale, which shows the relationship between distances on the map and actual distances in reality.

Map Reading and Interpretation

  1. What are relief features on a map?
Answer: Hills, valleys, mountains, and plains.
  1. How do you identify drainage patterns on a map?
Answer: By looking for symbols and colors that represent rivers, streams, lakes, and other water bodies.
  1. What are cultural features on a map?
Answer: Human-made features, such as roads, buildings, and boundaries.

Zambia's Provinces and Neighbouring Countries

  1. How many neighbouring countries does Zambia have?
Answer: 8
  1. List Zambia's neighbouring countries in alphabetical order.
Answer:
1. Angola
2. Botswana
3. Democratic Republic of the Congo
4. Malawi
5. Mozambique
6. Namibia
7. Tanzania
8. Zimbabwe
  1. List the Zambian provinces that do not have a direction in their name.
Answer:
1. Copperbelt
2. Luapula
3. Lusaka
  1. List the provinces with directions in their names, starting in the north and moving clockwise around the Central Province.
Answer:
1. Northern
2. Muchinga
3. Eastern
4. Southern
5. Western

Maps and Diagrams
13. What is a diagram?

Answer: A simplified drawing that shows the appearance and different parts of something.
  1. What are the characteristics of a diagram?
Answer: Line drawings with labels, showing something in three dimensions.
  1. What is the purpose of labels in a diagram?
Answer: To explain how something works or how something should be done.
  1. What is a plan, and what are some examples of plans?
Answer: A floor plan or a sports field plan.
  1. What is the difference between a diagram and an illustration?
Answer: Level of detail.
  1. What are the dimensions that a diagram often shows?
Answer: Length, breadth, and height.
  1. What is the abbreviation for the dimensions shown in a diagram?
Answer: L x B x H or 3D.
  1. What type of plan shows the dimensions of each part of a sports field?
Answer: A sports field plan.

Maps

  1. What is a map?
Answer: A representation of a real place.
  1. What types of features can a map show?
Answer: Physical features and human-made structures.
  1. Why are maps frequently used in geography?
Answer: To illustrate specific and detailed features of an area.
  1. What is the main purpose of a map?
Answer: To show the likeness or image of a place.
  1. What is the difference between a map and a plan?
Answer: A map represents a real place, while a plan is a specific type of diagram.
  1. Why is Mongu important enough to be shown on the map?
Answer: It is the capital of Western Province.
  1. Where is the Lozi king's dry season palace located?
Answer: Lealui.
  1. Where is the Lozi king's rainy season palace located?
Answer: Limulunga.
  1. Which river floods before the Kuomboka ceremony happens?
Answer: The Zambezi River.
  1. Where does the Kuomboka ceremony take place?
Answer: Western Province.

Characteristics of a Map

  1. What are the characteristics of a good map?
Answer: Accuracy, clarity, and relevance to the purpose of the map.
  1. Who draws maps?
Answer: Cartographers.
  1. What skills do cartographers need to have?
Answer: Knowledge of land measurement, computer systems, geography, and land surveying.
  1. What is the purpose of a map key?
Answer: To explain the meaning of symbols used on the map.
  1. What are the three basic types of map symbols?
Answer: Point symbols, line symbols, and polygons.
  1. What do point symbols represent on a map?
Answer: Specific places or locations.
  1. What do line symbols represent on a map?
Answer: Routes, boundaries, or courses of rivers.
  1. What do polygons represent on a map?
Answer: Areas with specific characteristics, such as forests or farmland.
  1. Why is it important to use the map key?
Answer: To understand the meaning of symbols used on the map.

Characteristics of a Map

  1. What information can be represented by the color and size of map symbols?
Answer: Different colors and sizes can represent different types of features or characteristics.
  1. Why are cartographers important in creating maps?
Answer: They have the skills and knowledge to create accurate and informative maps.
  1. What is the relationship between the purpose of a map and the symbols used on it?
Answer: The purpose of the map determines the symbols used to represent different features.
  1. How do map symbols help in understanding the information represented on a map?
Answer: Symbols provide a visual representation of information, making it easier to understand and interpret.
  1. What is the importance of accuracy in map-making?
Answer: Accuracy ensures that the map provides reliable information and represents the real world correctly.

Direction Indicator

  1. What are cardinal points on a compass?
Answer: North, south, west, and east.
  1. How do cartographers usually show direction on a map?
Answer: With an arrow pointing to N for north.
  1. Why is it important to remember the other directions when using a map?
Answer: Because the map only shows north, and the user needs to infer the other directions.
  1. What is a simple way to remember the directions west and east?
Answer: With north at the top, west is on the left and east is on the right, and W and E spell "WE".

Grid Systems

  1. What is a grid system on a map?
Answer: A pattern of lines that cross each other, forming rows and columns.
  1. What is the purpose of a grid system on a map?
Answer: To describe the position of any point within the grid pattern.
  1. What is the point of origin on a grid system?
Answer: The starting place for reading the grid reference.
  1. How are alphanumeric grids labeled on a map?
Answer: With letters labeling the rows and numbers labeling the columns.

Grid Systems

  1. What is the national grid system based on?
Answer: The UTM grid.
  1. What is the scale of each map sheet in the national grid system?
Answer: 1:50 000.
  1. How many figure references can the national grid system provide?
Answer: Four and six figure references.
  1. What is the geographic coordinate grid based on?
Answer: Lines of latitude and longitude on a globe.
  1. How are horizontal lines counted on the geographic coordinate grid?
Answer: From 0° at the Equator to 90° at the North and South Poles.
  1. How are vertical lines counted on the geographic coordinate grid?
Answer: From 0° at the Greenwich Meridian to 180° east and west.

Scale

  1. What does a map scale show?
Answer: The relationship between distance on a map and distance on the ground.
  1. What are the three ways a map scale can be given?
Answer: Statement of scale, ratio scale, and line scale.
  1. What is a statement of scale?
Answer: A statement that uses words to describe the relationship between map distance and ground distance.
  1. What is a ratio scale?
Answer: A scale that uses numbers to describe the relationship between map distance and ground distance.
  1. What is a line scale?
Answer: A line drawn below the map that shows the relationship between map distance and ground distance.

Scale

  1. What is the purpose of a line scale on a map?
Answer: To show the relationship between map distance and ground distance.
  1. How does a line scale represent distance on the ground?
Answer: The units of measurement labeled on the line represent distance on the ground.
  1. Why is it important to understand the scale of a map?
Answer: To accurately measure distances and understand the relationships between features on the map.
  1. How can you use a map scale to measure distances on a map?
Answer: By using the scale to convert map distances to real-world distances.
  1. What are the benefits of using a ratio scale on a map?
Answer: It provides a clear and concise way to show the relationship between map distance and ground distance.

Location of a Place or Point on a Map

  1. What are some uses of Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: Land surveying, road and railway construction, rescue operations, and tourism.
  1. How can a map user locate positions of places on a map?
Answer: Using national grid lines or lines of latitude and longitude.
  1. What is the advantage of using the national grid system on Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: It allows for exact locations and distance estimation.
  1. What is the purpose of mastering the skill of locating positions on a map?
Answer: To effectively use maps for various purposes.
  1. What type of grid system is used for the national grid system for Ordnance Survey maps of Zambia?
Answer: The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid.
  1. What is the importance of understanding the grid system used on a map?
Answer: It enables accurate location and navigationl.

Four and Six Figure Grid Reference System

  1. What is the UTM system used for?
Answer: To describe locations using a grid reference system.
  1. How is the world map divided in the UTM system?
Answer: Into zones that are each 6 degrees of longitude by 8 degrees of latitude.
  1. How many zones does Zambia stretch across?
Answer: Five zones.
  1. What is the point of origin in the UTM grid?
Answer: The southwest (bottom left) corner of each zone.
  1. How are eastings and northings measured in the UTM grid?
Answer: Eastings increase eastward and northings increase northward, with values 1 km apart.
  1. What are the two ways to give grid references in the UTM system?
Answer: Four figure grid references and six figure grid references.
  1. How are four figure grid references given?
Answer: By giving the value of the easting nearest the point of origin, followed by the value of the northing nearest the point of origin.
  1. What is the rule for writing four figure grid references?
Answer: Easting is given first, followed by northing.

Four and Six Figure Grid Reference System

  1. What is the four-figure grid reference for the yellow square in the diagram?
Answer: 1943.
  1. How do six-figure grid references differ from four-figure grid references?
Answer: Six-figure grid references provide a more precise location by adding two more digits to the easting and northing values.
  1. What is the purpose of using grid references on a map?
Answer: To provide a precise and accurate way to locate and identify features on a map.
  1. How can grid references be used in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, and emergency response situations, among others.
  1. What is the importance of understanding the UTM grid system?
Answer: It allows for accurate and precise location and navigation, which is essential in various fields and activities.
Here are the questions and answers:

Questions and Answers

Four Figure Grid References

  1. What is the purpose of Exercise 2?
Answer: To practice giving four-figure grid references.
  1. How are the lines on the grid labeled in Exercise 2?
Answer: The lines are labeled, not the spaces between the lines.
  1. What is the four-figure grid reference for square A?
Answer: 1941.
  1. What is the four-figure grid reference for square B?
Answer: 1843.
  1. What is the four-figure grid reference for square C?
Answer: 2044.

Six Figure Grid References

  1. Why are six-figure grid references used?
Answer: To give the accurate position of a point within a grid square.
  1. How is a grid square divided to give six-figure grid references?
Answer: Into 100 smaller squares by drawing 10 vertical and 10 horizontal lines.
  1. What is the six-figure grid reference for the tree symbol in the yellow square?
Answer: 196437.
  1. What is the purpose of Exercise 3?
Answer: To practice giving six-figure grid references.
Here are the next questions and answers:

Questions and Answers

Six Figure Grid References

  1. How are the point symbols added to the grid in Exercise 3?
Answer: At the correct six-figure grid references.
  1. What is the six-figure grid reference for the triangle symbol in Exercise 3?
Answer: 182428.
  1. What is the six-figure grid reference for the dot symbol in Exercise 3?
Answer: 192428.
  1. What is the six-figure grid reference for the square symbol in Exercise 3?
Answer: 215445.
  1. Why is it important to understand how to give six-figure grid references?
Answer: To accurately locate and identify features on a map.
  1. How do six-figure grid references differ from four-figure grid references?
Answer: Six-figure grid references provide a more precise location by adding two more digits to the easting and northing values.

Latitude and Longitude

  1. What is the geographic coordinate system used for?
Answer: To find the position of a place on a map using lines of latitude and longitude.
  1. What is the pattern formed by lines of latitude and longitude on a globe?
Answer: A ball-shaped wire cage.
  1. Why do cartographers have to flatten out the pattern when drawing a map?
Answer: Because the curved lines on a globe cannot be directly transferred to a flat map.
  1. What type of maps is the geographic coordinate system suitable for?
Answer: Small-scale maps covering the world, a continent, or a whole country.
  1. How are lines of latitude and longitude measured?
Answer: In degrees, minutes, and seconds.
  1. What is the Equator, and what is its latitude value?
Answer: The Equator is an imaginary line around the middle of the Earth, and its latitude value is 0°.
  1. What is the Greenwich Meridian, and what is its longitude value?
Answer: The Greenwich Meridian is an imaginary line that passes through Greenwich, England, and its longitude value is 0°.

Latitude and Longitude

  1. How are coordinates for longitude and latitude used to locate places on Earth?
Answer: By specifying degrees of latitude north or south of the Equator and degrees of longitude west or east of the Greenwich Meridian.
  1. What letter is used to indicate that a place is located south of the Equator?
Answer: S.
  1. What letter is used to indicate that a place is located east of the Greenwich Meridian?
Answer: E.
  1. How are degrees of latitude or longitude divided to provide more accurate positions?
Answer: Into 60 sections called minutes.
  1. What symbol is used to abbreviate minutes?
Answer: '.
  1. Where are degrees and minutes indicated on Zambian Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: On the sides of map sheets.

Latitude and Longitude

  1. What is the International Date Line?
Answer: The opposite side of the globe from the Greenwich Meridian.
  1. What is the point of origin for the coordinate grid on a map?
Answer: The top left or northwest corner of the map.
  1. In what order are latitude and longitude given when describing a location?
Answer: Latitude is given first in degrees and minutes, followed by longitude in degrees and minutes.

Exercise 4: Describe Location Using Latitude and Longitude

  1. On which side of the Equator is the town of Kalomo located?
Answer: b) South.
  1. On which side of the Greenwich Meridian is Kalomo Town located?
Answer: d) East.
  1. What is the line of latitude nearest to Kalomo Town?
Answer: b) 17°00'S.
  1. What is the line of longitude nearest to Kalomo Town?
Answer: c) 26°30'E.

Map Symbols

  1. What is the purpose of Activity 2?
Answer: To review and understand the different symbols used on Ordnance Survey maps.
  1. Where can the key to the symbols used on Ordnance Survey maps be found?
Answer: On page 30.
  1. Why is it important to understand map symbols?
Answer: To accurately interpret and use the information on a map.

Map Reading Techniques

  1. What is the importance of learning map reading techniques?
Answer: To effectively use maps for navigation, orientation, and spatial awareness.
  1. What are some essential skills for map reading?
Answer: Understanding map symbols, using latitude and longitude, and identifying grid references.
  1. How can map reading techniques be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Key to Symbols Used on Ordnance Survey Maps

  1. What is the purpose of the key to symbols on Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: To explain the meaning of the symbols used on the maps.
  1. What type of features are represented by the symbols on the key?
Answer: Natural features, land use, water resources, buildings, and other infrastructure.
  1. What is the symbol for a forest on the key?
Answer: A green area with trees.
  1. What is the symbol for a waterfall on the key?
Answer: A wavy line with an arrow pointing downwards.
  1. What is the symbol for a police station on the key?
Answer: A building with a flag.
  1. What is the abbreviation for District Governor on the key?
Answer: DG.

Questions and Answers

Directions between Places on a Map

  1. What is one of the characteristics of a good map?
Answer: Showing directions between places.
  1. On Ordnance Survey maps, how many types of north directions are shown?
Answer: Three: True North (TN), Magnetic North (MN), and Grid North (GN).
  1. What is the difference between True North and Magnetic North?
Answer: True North is the direction towards the geographic North Pole, while Magnetic North is the direction towards the magnetic North Pole, which varies each year.
  1. What is Grid North?
Answer: The direction of north as used by the grid system of the map, which is only slightly different from True North.

Using Compass Points to Give Directions

  1. What are the four cardinal points on a compass?
Answer: North, South, West, and East.
  1. What are the four sub-cardinal points on a compass?
Answer: Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and Northwest.
  1. How are the eight midway directions given on a compass?
Answer: By combining the cardinal and sub-cardinal points, such as North Northeast (NNE) or South Southeast (SSE).
  1. How do you give the direction from one place to another using a compass?
Answer: By imagining the center of the compass rose over the starting place, ensuring north is at the top, and giving the name of the compass point nearest the destination.

Using Compass Points to Give Directions

  1. Why is it important to ensure north is at the top when giving directions using a compass?
Answer: To maintain consistency and accuracy when giving directions.
  1. What is the purpose of the compass rose on a map?
Answer: To show the directions and their relationships to each other.
  1. How can you use the compass rose to give directions from one place to another?
Answer: By identifying the compass point nearest the destination and giving the direction from the starting point.

Map Reading Techniques

  1. What are some essential map reading techniques?
Answer: Understanding map symbols, using latitude and longitude, identifying grid references, and using compass points to give directions.
  1. Why is it important to practice map reading techniques?
Answer: To become proficient in using maps for navigation, orientation, and spatial awareness.
  1. How can map reading techniques be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Exercise 5: Describe Direction from One Place to Another

  1. What is the purpose of Exercise 5?
Answer: To practice describing directions from one place to another using a map.
  1. What map is used for Exercise 5?
Answer: The map of Kalomo District on page 31.
  1. What is the direction from spot height 1243 in Kalomo Town to the Pumping Station?
Answer: (Answer will vary depending on the map analysis).
  1. What is the direction to spot height 1243 in Kalomo Town from the main road bridge in square 4518 on the Sichikwenkwe River?
Answer: (Answer will vary depending on the map analysis).

Using Compass Points to Give Bearings

  1. What is the difference between direction and bearing?
Answer: Direction describes the relative location of one place to another, while bearing measures the angle between two places.
  1. How are degrees shown on a compass?
Answer: On the outer edge of the compass, divided into 360 units.
  1. What is the starting point for counting degrees on a compass?
Answer: The north arrow.
  1. How is bearing between two places expressed?
Answer: As an angle measured clockwise in degrees from true north.

Using Compass Points to Give Bearings

  1. Why is it important to use true north as a reference point when giving bearings?
Answer: To ensure accuracy and consistency in measuring angles between locations.
  1. How can bearings be used in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.
  1. What is the advantage of using bearings instead of directions?
Answer: Bearings provide a more precise and accurate measurement of the angle between two locations.

Map Reading Techniques

  1. What are some essential map reading techniques?
Answer: Understanding map symbols, using latitude and longitude, identifying grid references, using compass points to give directions, and measuring bearings.
  1. Why is it important to practice map reading techniques?
Answer: To become proficient in using maps for navigation, orientation, and spatial awareness.
  1. How can map reading techniques be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Finding the Bearing from One Place to Another on a Map

  1. What equipment is needed to find the bearing from one place to another on a map?
Answer: Pencil, ruler, set square, and protractor.
  1. What is the first step in finding the bearing from one place to another on a map?
Answer: Identify the place you must measure the bearing from, also known as the observer's position.
  1. How do you ensure that the north line is parallel to the true north arrow?
Answer: Use a set square to make sure the line is at right angles to the top frame of the map.
  1. How do you read the bearing using a protractor?
Answer: Place the protractor with the center point over the observer's position, and read the number of degrees from 0° on the north line clockwise towards the line passing through the place to which you are measuring bearing.

Exercise 6: Measure Bearing from One Place to Another

  1. What is the purpose of Exercise 6?
Answer: To practice measuring bearings from one place to another on a map.
  1. What map extract is used for Exercise 6?
Answer: The extract from the map of Lusaka.

Exercise 6: Measure Bearing from One Place to Another

  1. What are the specific locations between which you need to measure bearings in Exercise 6?
Answer: 1. Manda Hill Shopping Mall to the Agricultural Society Showgrounds, 2. Mulungushi Conference Centre to the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation, 3. The roundabout on the Great East Road to Olympia Park Primary School, and 4. Grand Palace on Thabo Mbeki Road to Mulungushi Conference Centre.
  1. What should you write down in your exercise book after measuring the bearings?
Answer: The bearings between the specified locations.

Map Reading Techniques

  1. Why is it important to practice measuring bearings on a map?
Answer: To develop skills in navigation, orientation, and spatial awareness.
  1. How can measuring bearings on a map be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Map Extract of a Part of Lusaka

  1. What is the name of the shopping mall located near the intersection of Manda Hill Road and Great East Road?
Answer: Manda Hill Shopping Mall.
  1. What is the name of the university located near the intersection of Great East Road and Mapepe Road?
Answer: Mulungushi International University.

Measuring Distances on a Map

  1. What is necessary to know before measuring distance on a map?
Answer: The names and lengths of the different units of measurement.
  1. What activity can help you understand units of measurement?
Answer: Activity 3: Understand units of measurement.
  1. How many millimeters are in a centimeter?
Answer: 10 millimeters.
  1. How many centimeters are in a meter?
Answer: 100 centimeters.
  1. What is an odometer used for?
Answer: To measure the distance traveled by a vehicle.

Measuring Distances on a Map

  1. What are the units of measurement that need to be written down along with their abbreviations?
Answer: Millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), meter (m), and kilometer (km).
  1. Why is it important to understand units of measurement when reading maps?
Answer: To accurately measure and understand distances between locations on the map.
  1. How can understanding units of measurement be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, engineering, and everyday activities that require measuring distances or lengths.

Using Different Map Scales to Measure Map Distance

  1. What is necessary to understand before measuring distances on a map?
Answer: How map scales work.
  1. What are the three ways to show a map scale?
Answer: Statement of scale, ratio scale, and line scale.
  1. How do you measure ground distance using a statement of scale?
Answer: Measure map distance in centimeters, then multiply by the equivalent or matching ground distance, and give the answer in the correct unit of measurement.
  1. How do you measure ground distance using a ratio scale?
Answer: Measure map distance in centimeters, multiply by the scale factor, then convert centimeters to kilometers or meters.
  1. How do you measure ground distance using a line scale?
Answer: Mark the map distance on a piece of paper, hold it against the line scale, and read off the distance.

Measuring Distance Along a Straight Line

  1. What equipment is needed to measure distance along a straight line on a map?
Answer: Sharp-pointed pencil, eraser, piece of paper with a straight edge, and a 30 cm ruler.
  1. How do you measure distance along a straight line on a map?
Answer: Proceed as described for each type of map scale.

Measuring Distance Along a Winding Course

  1. How do you measure distance along a winding course on a map?
Answer: As explained on the next page, involving measuring the winding course of a river or a winding road between two places on a map.

Measuring Distance Along a Winding Course

  1. Why is measuring distance along a winding course more complex than along a straight line?
Answer: Because the course is not straight, making it harder to measure accurately.
  1. What is the general approach to measuring distance along a winding course on a map?
Answer: To break down the winding course into smaller, more manageable sections, and then measure each section separately.

Map Reading Techniques

  1. Why is it essential to understand map scales and how to measure distances on a map?
Answer: To accurately navigate, orient, and understand spatial relationships between locations on the map.
  1. How can map reading techniques be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, engineering, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.
Here are the questions and answers:

Questions and Answers

Measuring Distances on a Map

  1. What is the first step in measuring a winding course on a map?
Answer: Mark the starting point on the straight edge of a piece of paper.
  1. How do you measure a winding course using a piece of string?
Answer: Put the piece of string on top of the road, following the bends and curves, and mark the end point. Then measure the piece of string.
  1. What is the purpose of Activity 4?
Answer: To practice measuring distances on a map using different types of map scales.

Activity 4: Measure Distances on a Map

  1. What map extracts are used for Activity 4?
Answer: The map of Lusaka on page 35, the map of Kalomo District on page 31, and the map of Zambia on page 19.
  1. What types of map scales are used for Activity 4?
Answer: Line scale, ratio scale, and statement of scale.

Activity 5: Give Directions

  1. What is the purpose of Activity 5?
Answer: To practice giving directions to get to different places on a map.

Activity 5: Give Directions

  1. What map is used for Activity 5?
Answer: The map of Lusaka on page 35.
  1. What type of directions should be included in the descriptions?
Answer: Directions such as north or northwest.

Map Reading Techniques

  1. Why is it important to practice giving directions on a map?
Answer: To develop skills in navigation, orientation, and communication.
  1. How can map reading techniques be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, engineering, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Map Reading and Interpretation

  1. Why is it important for a map to show relief features accurately?
Answer: So that the map becomes more meaningful and useful for navigation and understanding the terrain.
  1. What are the special symbols used on Ordnance Survey maps to show relief features?
Answer: Contour lines, spot heights, and trigonometrical stations.

Interpreting Relief Features

  1. What do contour lines represent on a map?
Answer: A certain height on the ground, joining places of the same height above sea level.
  1. What is the significance of the coastline on a map?
Answer: It marks 0 meters on a map, representing sea level.
  1. What is the vertical interval (VI)?
Answer: The difference in height between one contour line and the next.
  1. How are contour heights written on a map?
Answer: So that the top of the number points up.

Interpreting Relief Features

  1. What is the purpose of contour lines on a map?
Answer: To show the shape and height of the land, allowing users to understand the terrain.
  1. How do contour lines indicate the steepness of a slope?
Answer: Closely spaced contour lines indicate a steep slope, while widely spaced lines indicate a gentle slope.
  1. What can be inferred from a contour line that forms a closed loop?
Answer: It typically represents a hill or a depression, with the closed loop indicating a consistent height.
  1. Why is it essential to understand contour lines when reading a map?
Answer: To accurately interpret the terrain, identify features such as hills, valleys, and slopes, and plan routes accordingly.

Spot Heights

  1. What are spot heights on Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: Points whose heights have been measured by land surveyors, marked by a dot with the height in meters written beside it.
  1. What do spot heights help us see on a map?
Answer: Whether the land rises or falls, especially between contours.

Trigonometrical Stations

  1. What are trigonometrical stations on Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: Places, usually on hill summits, whose altitude, latitude, and longitude have been measured, marked by a dot enclosed by a circle or triangle.
  1. Why are trigonometrical stations important on a map?
Answer: They provide reference points for surveying and mapping the surrounding area.

Exercise 6: Read Height Clues on Relief Maps

  1. What map extract is used for Exercise 6?
Answer: The map extract of Kalomo District on page 31.
  1. What type of questions are asked in Exercise 6?
Answer: Multiple-choice questions that require reading and interpreting height clues on the relief map.

Exercise 6: Read Height Clues on Relief Maps

  1. What is the purpose of Exercise 6?
Answer: To practice reading and interpreting height clues on relief maps.
  1. What type of features are used to answer the questions in Exercise 6?
Answer: Spot heights, contour lines, and trigonometrical stations.
  1. How do the questions in Exercise 6 help develop map reading skills?
Answer: By requiring the reader to interpret and analyze the relief features on the map, such as spot heights, contour lines, and trigonometrical stations.

Map Reading and Interpretation

  1. Why is it important to be able to read and interpret relief features on a map?
Answer: To understand the terrain, identify features such as hills, valleys, and slopes, and plan routes accordingly.
  1. How can map reading and interpretation skills be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, engineering, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Identifying Natural Relief Features on Maps

  1. What do contour lines together form on a map?
Answer: Patterns that show landforms.
  1. What does the closeness of contour lines indicate on a map?
Answer: A steep land surface.
  1. What does the distance between contour lines indicate on a map?
Answer: A gentle slope.

Plain, Plateau, and Escarpment

  1. What is a plain on a map?
Answer: Low, flat land shown by few, widely spaced contour lines.
  1. What is a plateau on a map?
Answer: High, flat land shown by few, widely spaced contour lines with higher values.
  1. What is an escarpment on a map?
Answer: A steep slope between a plain and a plateau, shown by contour lines close together.

Mountain and Valley Landscapes

  1. What is the significance of rivers on Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: They provide clues to the shape of the landscape and indicate the direction of water flow.
  1. How do streams drain rainwater on a landscape?
Answer: Away from high slopes, draining down towards the lowest part of the landscape.

Mountain and Valley Landscapes

  1. What can be inferred from the direction of water flow on a map?
Answer: The direction of the slope and the shape of the surrounding landscape.
  1. How can the shape of a valley be identified on a map?
Answer: By looking for a river or stream and identifying the surrounding contour lines, which can indicate the shape and depth of the valley.

Map Reading Skills

  1. Why is it important to be able to identify different natural relief features on a map?
Answer: To understand the terrain, identify potential hazards or challenges, and plan routes accordingly.
  1. How can map reading skills be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, engineering, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Map Symbols and Features

  1. What is the key used for on the map of a mountain landscape?
Answer: To explain the symbols and features used on the map.
  1. What does a series of V-shaped contours pointing upstream indicate on a contour map?
Answer: A valley.
  1. How are individual mountains or conical hills indicated on contour maps?
Answer: By a series of concentric contour rings with the greatest height at the centre.

Mountain and Valley Features

  1. What is a mountain range or ridge on a contour map?
Answer: A long narrow area of highland, sometimes almost flat on top, with contour lines drawn close to one another.
  1. What is a spur on a contour map?
Answer: A highland that extends towards lower ground, shown by V-shaped contour lines pointing towards lower ground.
  1. What is a watershed on a contour map?
Answer: An area of high ground that separates the headwater streams of two river systems.

River and Valley Features

  1. What is a gorge on a contour map?
Answer: A narrow, steep-sided river valley, shown by contour lines that are drawn closely together and approach very near to the river from both sides.

River and Valley Features

  1. What is an example of a gorge in Zambia?
Answer: The gorge below the Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River.
  1. How can you identify a gorge on a contour map?
Answer: By looking for contour lines that are drawn closely together and approach very near to the river from both sides.

Map Reading Skills

  1. Why is it important to be able to identify different mountain and valley features on a map?
Answer: To understand the terrain, identify potential hazards or challenges, and plan routes accordingly.
  1. How can map reading skills be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In navigation, surveying, engineering, emergency response, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Gap, Col, and Saddle

  1. What is the difference between a gap, a col, and a saddle?
Answer: A gap is an opening in a mountain barrier, a col is a depression between peaks along a ridge, and a saddle includes the peaks on each side as well as the depression between them.
  1. What is the origin of the word "col"?
Answer: French, meaning "neck", due to its shape resembling someone's neck when lying down.
  1. Why is a saddle called a saddle?
Answer: Because it resembles the saddle of a horse.

Exercise 7: Recognize Relief Features

  1. What map extract is used for Exercise 7?
Answer: The map extract of Kalomo on page 31.
  1. What type of questions are asked in Exercise 7?
Answer: Multiple-choice questions that require recognizing and identifying relief features on the map.

Identifying Drainage Patterns

  1. What is a river system?
Answer: A main river, its tributaries, and small streams that flow into the tributaries.
  1. What is the area from which water drains called?
Answer: The drainage basin or river catchment.
  1. What forms the boundary of a river basin?
Answer: The crests or tops of the surrounding high land, known as the watershed.

Identifying Drainage Patterns

  1. What is the watershed also known as?
Answer: A water parting or divide.
  1. Why is it important to identify drainage patterns on a map?
Answer: To understand the flow of water, identify potential flood areas, and plan routes accordingly.
  1. How can drainage patterns be used in real-life situations?
Answer: In urban planning, agriculture, engineering, and environmental management.

Drainage Patterns and Map Reading

  1. How do contour lines help identify drainage patterns on a map?
Answer: By showing the shape and slope of the land, which can indicate the direction of water flow.
  1. What other map features can help identify drainage patterns?
Answer: Rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands.

Drainage Patterns

  1. What determines the drainage pattern of a river?
Answer: The general rock structure of its basin.
  1. What are the three types of drainage patterns studied?
Answer: Dendritic, trellis, and radial patterns.
  1. What does a dendritic drainage pattern look like?
Answer: A tree with many branches.
  1. In what type of areas does a dendritic drainage pattern usually occur?
Answer: Areas with a rocky bottom layer offering resistance to erosion and a gentle slope.
  1. What does a trellis drainage pattern look like?
Answer: A framework of crossed sticks with many right (90°) angles.
  1. In what type of areas does a trellis drainage pattern form?
Answer: Areas where hard and soft rock seams alternate.
  1. What does a radial drainage pattern look like?
Answer: The spokes of a bicycle wheel.
  1. In what type of areas does a radial drainage pattern develop?
Answer: Areas with an isolated mountain or a volcanic cone.

Exercise 8: Interpret Landforms and Drainage Patterns

  1. What map extract is used for Exercise 8?
Answer: The map extract of Kalomo on page 31.

Exercise 8: Interpret Landforms and Drainage Patterns

  1. What type of questions are asked in Exercise 8?
Answer: Multiple-choice questions that require interpreting landforms and drainage patterns on the map.
  1. What is the purpose of Exercise 8?
Answer: To practice interpreting landforms and drainage patterns on a map, and to develop map reading skills.

Map Reading Skills

  1. Why is it important to be able to interpret drainage patterns on a map?
Answer: To understand the flow of water, identify potential flood areas, and plan routes accordingly.
  1. How can map reading skills be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In urban planning, agriculture, engineering, environmental management, and outdoor activities such as hiking and camping.

Identifying Cultural Features

  1. What two important themes does geography study?
Answer: People and place.
  1. What two groups of map symbols are used to represent these themes?
Answer: Natural features and cultural features.
  1. What are cultural features on a map?
Answer: Features that show evidence of the influence of people on the landscape.

Settlements

  1. What type of settlements are shown on Ordnance Survey maps?
Answer: Only those with permanent buildings.
  1. What is a dispersed settlement pattern?
Answer: A pattern of settlements scattered irregularly over a wide area, often indicating a good farming region.
  1. What is a nucleated settlement pattern?
Answer: A pattern of settlements clustered together to form large villages or towns.

Nucleated Settlement Patterns

  1. What are some reasons for a nucleated settlement pattern to form?
Answer: Availability of water, discovery of valuable resources, trading opportunities, availability of services, and defence against external enemies.
  1. How can nucleated settlements be described?
Answer: According to their shape, identified by the pattern of buildings and roads on a map.

Transport and Communication Networks

  1. What are some examples of transport networks on a map?
Answer: Roads and railway lines.
  1. What are some examples of communication networks on a map?
Answer: Power lines, telephone lines, and communication towers.

Transport and Communication Networks

  1. Why are transport and communication networks important on a map?
Answer: They show how people and goods move around and communicate, and can help with navigation and planning.
  1. How can transport and communication networks be used in real-life situations?
Answer: In urban planning, logistics, emergency response, and everyday navigation.

Map Reading Skills

  1. Why is it important to be able to identify cultural features on a map?
Answer: To understand how people interact with the environment, identify patterns of settlement and development, and make informed decisions.
  1. How can map reading skills be applied in real-life situations?
Answer: In urban planning, architecture, environmental management, and social sciences research.

Transport and Communication

  1. Why are transport networks important for settlements?
Answer: To transport goods and people to and from markets, workplaces, and other destinations.
  1. What does a dense transport network indicate about a country?
Answer: That it is a developed country.

Land Use

  1. Why do people usually settle in one place to work the land?
Answer: Because they need water for their settlements, and rivers often provide a reliable source of water.
  1. What are some reasons why people settle in certain areas?
Answer: To mine mineral resources, to farm, or to be close to rivers.

Map Symbols

  1. What type of symbols are used to show settlement on a map?
Answer: Point symbols and small area symbols.
  1. What type of symbols are used to show transport on a map?
Answer: Linear symbols.
  1. What type of symbols are used to show land use on a map?
Answer: Symbols that cover large areas, showing different kinds of agriculture, mining, and conservation.

Activity 6: Identify Cultural Features

  1. What is the purpose of Activity 6?
Answer: To identify and explain cultural features on a map, including settlement, transport and communication, and land use.
  1. What is required for the second part of Activity 6?
Answer: To draw a map of the area around your school, showing settlement, transport and communication, and land use, using symbols from the Ordnance Survey map.

Activity 6: Identify Cultural Features

  1. What should be included on the map drawn for Activity 6?
Answer: A title, key, direction indicator, and symbols for settlement, transport and communication, and land use.
  1. What is the bonus requirement for Activity 6?
Answer: To work out the scale of the map.
  1. What will happen after completing Activity 6?
Answer: Some pairs will be asked to explain their maps to the class.

Conclusion

We started with Topic 2, Basic Map Reading Techniques, and explored various aspects of map reading, including:
  • Understanding contour lines and relief features
  • Identifying drainage patterns, including dendritic, trellis, and radial patterns
  • Recognizing cultural features, such as settlements, transport and communication networks, and land use
  • Interpreting map symbols and using them to identify features on a map
Through exercises and activities, we practiced applying these skills to real-life scenarios, including identifying features on a map, drawing maps, and explaining map symbols.
By mastering these basic map reading techniques, we can better understand our environment, navigate through unfamiliar areas, and make informed decisions in various fields, such as urban planning, environmental management, and emergency response.

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